Lesson no 7:The Humanistic Approach and the Cognitive Approach: Short Questions
Who are the two main founders of the humanistic approach? Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow are the two main founders.
What is the “actualizing tendency” according to Carl Rogers? The actualizing tendency is an innate drive present in every life form to develop its potentials to the fullest extent possible.
What is the highest level in Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs? Self-Actualization is the highest level.
In Rogerian therapy, what are the three essential qualities a therapist must possess? The three qualities are congruence (genuineness), empathy, and unconditional positive regard.
What does the cognitive approach emphasize as the key to understanding behavior? The cognitive approach emphasizes mental processes like thinking, knowing, remembering, and perceiving.
According to Schacter’s theory, what two components are necessary for an emotion? Physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal (labeling) of the situation are necessary.
What is observational learning, as proposed by Albert Bandura? Observational learning is learning by watching and imitating the behavior of others (models).
What type of therapy did Aaron Beck develop for depression? Aaron Beck developed Cognitive Therapy for depression.
Why is humanistic psychology often called the “third force”? It is called the “third force” because it emerged as an alternative to the two dominant forces in psychology at the time: psychoanalysis and behaviorism.
Explain the difference between the “real self” and the “ideal self” in Rogers’ theory. The “real self” is who a person actually is, while the “ideal self” is who a person feels they should or would like to be. Incongruence between them leads to psychological distress.
How does Maslow’s hierarchy explain human motivation? It explains motivation as a progression through levels of needs, where lower-level needs (physiological, safety) must be reasonably satisfied before higher-level needs (love, esteem, self-actualization) can motivate behavior.
Contrast the humanistic view of human nature with the behaviorist view. The humanistic view sees people as inherently good, with free will and an innate drive for growth. The behaviorist view sees behavior as determined by the environment, with no inherent drive towards growth.
What is the role of “mediational processes” in the cognitive approach? Mediational processes are the internal mental events (like thoughts, beliefs, and perceptions) that occur between a stimulus and a response, and are the primary focus of cognitive psychology.
How does the cognitive approach explain the development of psychological disorders? Psychological disorders are explained as resulting from irrational, maladaptive, or faulty thought patterns, beliefs, and cognitive processes.
Explain the concept of “self-actualization.” Self-actualization is the innate human tendency to fulfill one’s potential, to become everything one is capable of becoming, both creatively and personally.
How did the invention of the computer influence cognitive psychology? The computer provided a metaphor for the human mind (hardware = brain, software = mental processes), leading to information-processing models of cognition.
What is the main goal of Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)? The main goal of REBT is to identify and alter irrational beliefs and self-defeating thought patterns, replacing them with more rational and adaptive ones.
A therapist listens to a client without judgment and tries to see the world from the client’s perspective. Which therapeutic approach is this? This is the Client-Centered therapy of Carl Rogers.nA student is struggling to feel motivated in school because they are worried about their family’s financial problems. According to Maslow, which level of need is not being met?
The Safety Needs level is likely not being met, impeding motivation for higher-level needs like esteem or self-actualization through school.
A person sees a snake, their heart races, and they cognitively appraise the situation as dangerous, leading them to feel fear. Which theory of emotion is this? This is Schacter’s Two-Factor Theory of emotion.
A child starts using a new slang word after hearing their favorite celebrity use it. Which cognitive-social concept explains this? Observational Learning or Modeling explains this.
A manager believes, “I must be perfect and approved of by everyone, or I am a failure.” A cognitive therapist would identify this as what? They would identify this as an Irrational Belief.
A person who is incongruent might use which of Rogers’ defenses if they fail an exam and refuse to acknowledge it happened? They might use Denial.
An athlete visualizes themselves successfully completing a routine before a competition. Which approach best explains the use of this mental imagery? The Cognitive approach best explains this, as it involves mental processes and representations.
How might a humanistic psychologist explain a person’s lack of personal growth? They might explain it as resulting from conditional positive regard in childhood, leading to conditions of worth that stifle the actualizing tendency and create incongruence.
