What was the primary method of investigation used by Structuralists? The primary method used by Structuralists was introspection.
Who is considered the founder of Structuralism in the United States? Edward Bradford Titchener is considered the founder of Structuralism in the United States.
Which school of thought was founded by William James? Functionalism was founded by William James.
What does “Gestalt” mean in English? “Gestalt” means “configuration” or “whole form” in English.
Name the three psychologists credited as founders of the Gestalt school. Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, and Wolfgang Kohler are credited as founders of the Gestalt school.
What is the main focus of the Behavioral school of thought? The main focus of the Behavioral school is observable, overt behavior.
Which school of thought emphasizes unconscious forces and conflicts? The Psychodynamic school emphasizes unconscious forces and conflicts.
What is the Phi phenomenon? The Phi phenomenon is an illusion of movement created when two stationary lights flash in close succession.
Explain the main criticism leveled against Structuralism. Structuralism was criticized for being reductionist (breaking down complex experiences into simple sensations), elementalistic (focusing on parts over the whole), and mentalistic (relying on subjective introspection).
How did Functionalism differ from Structuralism in its approach? Functionalism focused on the function or purpose of consciousness and behavior (how and why the mind works), while Structuralism focused on the structure or basic elements of consciousness.
Explain the Gestalt principle that “the whole is different from the sum of its parts.” This principle means that when elements are combined, they create a new, unique perception that cannot be understood simply by analyzing the individual elements in isolation.
Why did the Behavioral school reject the methods of Structuralism and Psychodynamic psychology? The Behaviorists rejected these methods because they focused on internal, unobservable events (like conscious experience or the unconscious) which could not be measured or studied objectively using scientific methods.
How did John Dewey’s functionalist ideas influence education? Dewey believed education should be in accordance with children’s developmental readiness and that children perform better when they have some control over their learning, influencing child-centered educational approaches.
What was the significance of Wundt’s laboratory for the development of schools of thought? Wundt’s laboratory provided a model for experimental psychology, attracting students who later founded or influenced various schools of thought like Structuralism and Functionalism.
How does the Psychodynamic school’s view of human motivation differ from the Humanistic school’s view? The Psychodynamic school sees behavior as motivated by unconscious, predetermined forces and instincts, while the Humanistic school sees people as motivated by conscious choices and an innate drive for growth and self-actualization.
According to Gestalt psychology, why do we perceive a series of dots as a line? We perceive a series of dots as a line due to the Law of Continuity or Good Continuation, which leads us to group stimuli into smooth, continuous patterns.
What was William James’s view on studying consciousness, as opposed to Wundt’s? James believed consciousness was a continuous “stream” that should be studied in its entirety and in interaction with the environment, unlike Wundt who sought to break it down into its structural elements.
A psychologist tries to understand a client’s fear of heights by exploring their early childhood experiences. Which school of thought is this approach most aligned with? This approach is most aligned with the Psychodynamic school.
A teacher designs a lesson where students learn by doing and solving real-world problems. Which functionalist thinker’s ideas does this reflect? This reflects the ideas of John Dewey.
Look at the following image: [Assume an image of a circle with a gap]. You likely perceive a complete circle. Which Gestalt law explains this? The Law of Closure explains this tendency to perceive a complete circle despite the gap.
A researcher only measures the time it takes a rat to run a maze, ignoring any possible internal states. Which school of thought does this methodology represent? This methodology represents the Behavioral school.
A therapist believes that helping a client become “fully functioning” is the goal of therapy. Which perspective is this therapist using? This therapist is using the Humanistic perspective.
A sports coach groups players by their jersey color for a drill. Which Gestalt law of organization is the coach inadvertently demonstrating? The coach is demonstrating the Law of Similarity.
How might a functionalist explain the purpose of feeling the emotion of anger? A functionalist might explain that anger serves the purpose of preparing an individual to overcome an obstacle or threat, thus aiding adaptation to the environment.
A cognitive psychologist studies how people form mental maps of their neighborhood. Which early Gestalt concept does this relate to? This relates to Wolfgang Kohler’s concept of “cognitive maps” studied in insight learning.
